Immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma,intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma: Relationship with histopathological and molecular classifications

Tumor tissue is composed of tumor cells and tumor stroma. Tumor stroma contains various immune cells and non-immune stromal cells, forming a complex tumor microenvironment which plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor growth. Recent successes in immunotherapies against tumors, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have further raised interests in the immune microenvironment of liver carcinoma. The immune microenvironment of tumors is formed because of interactions among tumor cells, immune cells and non-immune stromal cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Different patterns of immune microenvironment are observed among different tumor subtypes, and their clinicopathological significance and intertumor/intratumor heterogeneity are being intensively studied. Here, we review the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma, focusing on its histopathological appearance, clinicopathological significance, and relationship with histological and molecular classifications. Understanding the comprehensive histopathological picture of a tumor immune microenvironment, in addition to molecular and genetic approaches, will further potentiate the effort for precision medicine in the era of tumor-targeting immunotherapy.     

腹腔镜精准肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的临床效果

目的探究腹腔镜精准肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的临床效果。方法选择2019年1月—2020年6月期间在医院接受腹腔镜肝切除术治疗的80例原发性肝癌患者作为实验分析对象,依据手术治疗方案的不同将患者分为腹腔镜常规肝切除组(对照组)40例和腹腔镜精准肝切除组(观察组)40例,对两组患者手术各项指标、手术前后肝功能指标改善情况及术后并发症发生率进行对比分析。结果观察组患者手术时间明显长于对照组,组间比较进行t检验,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者术中出血量及术中输血量均少于对照组患者,术后恢复时间明显短于对照组患者,组间比较进行t检验,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后,两组患者ALT、AST、ALB及TBIL水平均显著降低,组内比较进行t检验,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组患者ALT、AST、ALB及TBIL水平降低幅度显著大于对照组患者,组间比较进行t检验,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者术后并发症发生率为10.00%,对照组患者术后并发症发生率为27.50%,组间比较进行χ2检验,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.021;P=0.045)。结论与腹腔镜常规肝切除术比较,腹腔镜精准肝切除术操作精细,手术时间相对较长,患者术中出血量更少,术后恢复时间更短,能够最大限度保护患者的肝脏,减低患者术后并发症发生率,提高手术治疗效果,改善患者预后。     

CGF联合根尖刮治术及单一根尖刮治术治疗慢性窦道型根尖周炎的比较

目的探讨血小板浓缩生长因子(CGF)联合根尖刮治术及单一根尖刮治术治疗慢性窦道型根尖周炎的临床疗效。方法选择80例慢性窦道型根尖周炎患者为研究对象,分成CGF组和对照组。对照组采取根尖刮治术治疗,CGF组在对照组基础上给予CGF覆盖根尖区创面治疗。结果 CGF组治疗后总有效率95.00%显著高于对照组77.50%。CGF组治疗后PD、BOP和PLI显著低于治疗前及对照组治疗后。CGF组治疗后EGF、VEGF和IGF显著高于治疗前及对照组治疗后。CGF组颜色匹配、边缘着色和表面光滑度评分显著低于对照组。两组并发症总发生率对比无显著差异。结论 CGF联合根尖刮治术治疗慢性窦道型根尖周炎患者,可提高治疗效果,安全性较高。     

Successful management and technical aspects of major liver resection in children: A retrospective cohort study

Optimal treatment of patients with various types of liver tumors or certain liver diseases frequently demands major liver resection, which remains a clinical challenge especially in children.Eighty seven consecutive pediatric liver resections including 51 (59%) major resections (resection of 3 or more hepatic segments) and 36 (41%) minor resections (resection of 1 or 2 segments) were analyzed. All patients were treated between January 2010 and March 2018. Perioperative outcomes were compared between major and minor hepatic resections.The male to female ratio was 1.72:1. The median age at operation was 20 months (range, 0.33–150 months). There was no significant difference in demographics including age, weight, ASA class, and underlying pathology. The surgical management included functional assessment of the future liver remnant, critical perioperative management, enhanced understanding of hepatic segmental anatomy, and bleeding control, as well as refined surgical techniques. The median estimated blood loss was 40 ml in the minor liver resection group, and 90 ml in major liver resection group (P < .001). Children undergoing major liver resection had a significantly longer median operative time (80 vs 140 minutes), anesthesia time (140 vs 205 minutes), as well as higher median intraoperative total fluid input (255 vs 450 ml) (P < .001 for all). Fourteen (16.1%) patients had postoperative complications. By Clavien-Dindo classification, there were 8 grade I, 4 grade II, and 2 grade III-a complications. There were no significant differences in complication rates between groups (P = .902). Time to clear liquid diet (P = .381) and general diet (P = .473) was not significantly different. There was no difference in hospital length of stay (7 vs 7 days, P = .450). There were no 90-day readmissions or mortalities.Major liver resection in children is not associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications or prolonged postoperative hospital stay compared to minor liver resection. Techniques employed in this study offered good perioperative outcomes for children undergoing major liver resections.     

40例职业性化学碱灼伤救治体会

[摘要]　目的　评估直接抗病毒药物（direct antivirus agent, DAA）治疗肝移植术后HCV感染复发的有效性和安全性。方法?回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2011年2月—2018年12月收治的14例肝移植术后HCV感染复发患者的DAA治疗临床数据，比较患者基线与治疗结束后肝肾功能、血常规、凝血功能、病毒学水平以及无创纤维化评分天冬氨酸转氨酶血小板比率指数（aspartate aminotransferase-platelet ratio index, APRI）的差异。利用电子病历系统和电话随访收集患者治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果?所有患者均在治疗结束时达到病毒学清除，12周、24周持续病毒学应答率均为100%，DAA治疗后随访17～44个月，期间均未见病毒学复发。与基线水平相比，治疗终点时ALT、AST、TBIL、γ-谷氨酰转移酶以及无创纤维化评分APRI显著下降，WBC、HGB、PLT、CRE、肾小球滤过率和血糖等指标均未见显著变化。DAA治疗期间共3例患者发生不良反应，均为轻度，可自然缓解。结论?肝移植术后HCV感染复发的DAA治疗是安全有效的。     

眼表铁过载小鼠干眼模型的构建和机制研究

目的：通过给小鼠腹腔注射右旋糖酐铁，建立小鼠铁过载干眼模型并初步探索其可能的机制。

方法：将40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠(取右眼为实验眼)用随机数字表法将小鼠分为4组：对照组10只，每次腹腔注射生理盐水0.2mL； 低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组各10只为模型组，每次分别腹腔注射浓度为12.5、25、50mg/mL的右旋糖酐铁溶液0.2mL。每3d注射1次，共注射28d。注药后第7、14、28d观察各组小鼠眼表炎症指数、角膜荧光素染色、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)及泪液分泌量(SⅠt)，评估干眼及眼表炎症程度。28d后处死小鼠，取角膜、结膜及泪腺组织，进行HE染色、普鲁士蓝染色以及组织铁检测，评估小鼠炎症反应及铁过载情况； 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测炎症因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达情况。

结果：与对照组相比，模型组小鼠出现一系列干眼症状，小鼠眼表炎症指数增高，角膜荧光素染色评分增加，BUT缩短，泪液分泌量减少(均P<0.05)； 模型组小鼠角膜、结膜及泪腺组织均受到不同程度的损伤，各组织眼表铁沉积情况较对照组加重，组织铁含量明显增加(均P<0.01)； 模型组小鼠角膜、结膜及泪腺组织中炎症因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、MMP-9)的含量均高于对照组(均P<0.01)，随着右旋糖酐铁注药时间及浓度增加，小鼠干眼及眼表炎症程度逐渐加重。

结论：腹腔注射右旋糖酐铁可成功建立小鼠铁过载干眼模型，其机制可能与铁过载加重眼表炎症反应有关。